TFY8-12 Summary

Summary TFY
Chapter8
This chapter is about how to recognize viewpoints and understand how they filter reality for us.This chapter illustrates how stories revolve around viewpoints,how conscious and unconscious viewpoints differ,how news framing conveys covert viewpoints, and how political viewpoints might be characterized.

Chapter9
The skills of analyzing and writing arguments require some knowledge of every chapter concept studied this far.This chapter entail guidelines for analyzing arguments,distinguishing arguments from reports,separating reasons from conclusions,recognizing missing and false information.

Chapter10
This chapter is about the names and meanings of eleven fallacies.Fallacies may be accidental or intentional;many are amusing.all are manipulative;each sidesteps the work of constrcting a fair and well-reasoned argument.This chapter tell us how to recognize a number of basic fallacies and understand why they are fallacious.

Chapter11
Inductive reasoning is a method used to discover new information or supply missing information. When we reason inductively, we observe, test, and investigate in a systematic manner known as the empirical or scientific method.This chapter show how induction uses sensory observation, enumeration, analogical reasoning, pattern discovery, causal reasoning, reasoning from hypotheses and through statistics and probability.

Chapter12
This chapter explains the fundamental standards that govern deductive reasoning. It offers a basic vocabulary of logic and explains how deduction and induction interplay in our thinking. Discussion with multiple exercises will show the meaning and significance of such terms as syllogism, premises and conclusion, validity and soundness.